What is Electricity?

Getting Started
Electricity is all around us--powering technology like our cell phones, computers, lights, soldering irons, and air conditioners. It's tough to escape it in our modern world. Even when you try to escape electricity, it's still at work throughout nature, from the lightning in a thunderstorm to the synapses inside our body. But what exactly is electricity? This is a very complicated question, and as you dig deeper and ask more questions, there really is not a definitive answer, only abstract representations of how electricity interacts with our surroundings.

Electricity is a natural phenomenon that occurs throughout nature and takes many different forms. In this tutorial we'll focus on current electricity: the stuff that powers our electronic gadgets. Our goal is to understand how electricity flows from a power source through wires, lighting up LEDs, spinning motors, and powering our communication devices.

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Electricity is briefly defined as the flow of electric charge, but there's so much behind that simple statement. Where do the charges come from? How do we move them? Where do they move to? How does an electric charge cause mechanical motion or make things light up? So many questions! To begin to explain what electricity is we need to zoom way in, beyond the matter and molecules, to the atoms that make up everything we interact with in life.

This tutorial builds on some basic understanding of physics, force, energy, atoms, in particular. We'll gloss over the basics of each of those physics concepts, but it may help to consult other sources as well.

Going Atomic
To understand the fundamentals of electricity, we need to begin by focusing in on atoms, one of the basic building blocks of life and matter. Atoms exist in over a hundred different forms as chemical elements like hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and copper. Atoms of many types can combine to make molecules, which build the matter we can physically see and touch.

Atoms are tiny, stretching at a max to about 300 picometers long (that's 3x10-10 or 0.0000000003 meters). A copper penny (if it actually were made of 100% copper) would have 3.2x1022 atoms (32,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms) of copper inside it.

Even the atom isn't small enough to explain the workings of electricity. We need to dive down one more level and look in on the building blocks of atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Building Blocks of Atoms
An atom is built with a combination of three distinct particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. Each atom has a center nucleus, where the protons and neutrons are densely packed together. Surrounding the nucleus are a group of orbiting electrons.

Every atom must have at least one proton in it. The number of protons in an atom is important, because it defines what chemical element the atom represents. For example, an atom with just one proton is hydrogen, an atom with 29 protons is copper, and an atom with 94 protons is plutonium. This count of protons is called the atom's atomic number.

The proton's nucleus-partner, neutrons, serve an important purpose; they keep the protons in the nucleus and determine the isotope of an atom. They're not critical to our understanding of electricity, so let's not worry about them for this tutorial.

Electrons are critical to the workings of electricity (notice a common theme in their names?) In its most stable, balanced state, an atom will have the same number of electrons as protons. As in the Bohr atom model below, a nucleus with 29 protons (making it a copper atom) is surrounded by an equal number of electrons.

The atom's electrons aren't all forever bound to the atom. The electrons on the outer orbit of the atom are called valence electrons. With enough outside force, a valence electron can escape orbit of the atom and become free. Free electrons allow us to move charge, which is what electricity is all about. Speaking of charge...

Flowing Charges
As we mentioned at the beginning of this tutorial, electricity is defined as the flow of electric charge. Charge is a property of matter--just like mass, volume, or density. It is measurable. Just as you can quantify how much mass something has, you can measure how much charge it has. The key concept with charge is that it can come in two types: positive (+) or negative (-).

In order to move charge we need charge carriers, and that's where our knowledge of atomic particles--specifically electrons and protons--comes in handy. Electrons always carry a negative charge, while protons are always positively charged. Neutrons (true to their name) are neutral, they have no charge. Both electrons and protons carry the same amount of charge, just a different type.

The charge of electrons and protons is important, because it provides us the means to exert a force on them. Electrostatic force!

Electrostatic Force
Electrostatic force (also called Coulomb's law) is a force that operates between charges. It states that charges of the same type repel each other, while charges of opposite types are attracted together. Opposites attract, and likes repel

The amount of force acting on two charges depends on how far they are from each other. The closer two charges get, the greater the force (either pushing together, or pulling away) becomes.

Thanks to electrostatic force, electrons will push away other electrons and be attracted to protons. This force is part of the "glue" that holds atoms together, but it's also the tool we need to make electrons (and charges) flow!

Making Charges Flow
We now have all the tools to make charges flow. Electrons in atoms can act as our charge carrier, because every electron carries a negative charge. If we can free an electron from an atom and force it to move, we can create electricity.

Consider the atomic model of a copper atom, one of the preferred elemental sources for charge flow. In its balanced state, copper has 29 protons in its nucleus and an equal number of electrons orbiting around it. Electrons orbit at varying distances from the nucleus of the atom. Electrons closer to the nucleus feel a much stronger attraction to the center than those in distant orbits. The outermost electrons of an atom are called the valence electrons, these require the least amount of force to be freed from an atom.

Using enough electrostatic force on the valence electron--either pushing it with another negative charge or attracting it with a positive charge--we can eject the electron from orbit around the atom creating a free electron.

Now consider a copper wire: matter filled with countless copper atoms. As our free electron is floating in a space between atoms, it's pulled and prodded by surrounding charges in that space. In this chaos the free electron eventually finds a new atom to latch on to; in doing so, the negative charge of that electron ejects another valence electron from the atom. Now a new electron is drifting through free space looking to do the same thing. This chain effect can continue on and on to create a flow of electrons called electric current.

Conductivity
Some elemental types of atoms are better than others at releasing their electrons. To get the best possible electron flow we want to use atoms which don't hold very tightly to their valence electrons. An element's conductivity measures how tightly bound an electron is to an atom.

Elements with high conductivity, which have very mobile electrons, are called conductors. These are the types of materials we want to use to make wires and other components which aid in electron flow. Metals like copper, silver, and gold are usually our top choices for good conductors.

Elements with low conductivity are called insulators. Insulators serve a very important purpose: they prevent the flow of electrons. Popular insulators include glass, rubber, plastic, and air.

Static or Current Electricity
Before we get much further, let's discuss the two forms electricity can take: static or current. In working with electronics, current electricity will be much more common, but static electricity is important to understand as well.

Static Electricity
Static electricity exists when there is a build-up of opposite charges on objects separated by an insulator. Static (as in "at rest") electricity exists until the two groups of opposite charges can find a path between each other to balance the system out.

The ten biggest power companies in 2019

10. E.ON – $36.93bn
ten biggest power companiesE.ON’s revenue for the year ending September 2018 was estimated at $36.93bn. Image courtesy of Wiki05.
Germany-based, privately owned international energy company E.ON’s revenues for the year ending September 2018 stood at $36.93bn. Reference 

Its Energy Networks segment accounted for 29.5% of the total revenue during the period, followed by Customer Solutions 20%, and the Renewable segment 3.3%. The company’s Non-Core Business accounted for 4% of the total revenue.

E.ON operates more than 5GW of renewable power plants worldwide. It also operates a nuclear power business in Germany through PreussenElektra. The European Commission (EC) approved the acquisition of E.ON and Innogy’s renewable businesses by RWE in February 2019.

9. Siemens – $38.42bn
ten biggest power companiesSiemens’ Power and Gas segment generated $14.13bn in revenue in 2018. Image courtesy of Siemens Pressebild.
Siemens’ energy segments, including Power and Gas, Energy Management, and Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, contributed $14.13bn, $13.93bn, and $10.36bn respectively to its total consolidated revenue of $94.35bn in 2018.

The Power and Gas segment, which provides products and solutions for the operation of fossil fuel and renewable power plants, witnessed a 14% decrease, while the total orders in this segment increased by 14%.

The Energy Management segment engaged in the supply of power transmission and distribution products, reported a 5% increase in revenue, but a 10% decrease in orders. Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, which is engaged in the wind power business, reported a 5% decrease in revenue, but an 8% increase in orders.

8. General Electric Co – $38.5bn
ten biggest power companiesGeneral Electric’s (GE) Power, Renewable Energy and Lighting segments contributed $38.5bn revenues in 2018. Image courtesy of EEJCC.
General Electric’s (GE) three energy segments Power, Renewable Energy, and Lighting generated $38.5bn in revenues, accounting for 31.7% of the company’s total revenue of $121.6bn during the year. The three segments respectively contributed $27.3bn, $9.53bn, and $1.7bn to the company.

The company’s revenue from the power segment decreased by 22%, whereas that from the lighting business dropped by 11%. Revenue from its renewable energy segment, however, increased by 4% during the year.

The GE Power segment provides products and services related to energy production, while the GE Lighting segment develops lighting solutions. The GE Renewable Energy segment provides onshore and offshore wind turbines and blades, as well as hydropower solutions.

7. Iberdrola – $39.79bn
ten biggest power companiesIberdrola’s net profit grew by 7.5% to $3.4bn in 2018. Image courtesy of mifl68.
Spanish multinational electric utility company Iberdrola registered a 12.2% year-on-year revenue growth to $39.79bn in 2018. The company’s net profit grew by 7.5% to $3.4bn.

Iberdrola’s net investment during the year reached $6bn with its transmission network business accounting for 46% of the investment, followed by the renewable segment (31%) and the power generation and supply segment (20%).

Operating in Spain, US, Brazil, Mexico, and the UK, Iberdrola had more than 29GW of renewable energy installed capacity as of December 2018. Iberdrola Renovables Energía, ScottishPower Renewable Energy, Avangrid Renewables, and Iberdrola Renovables México are its major subsidiaries engaged in renewable power generation.

6. Engie – $48.8bn
ten biggest power companiesEngie sells more than 7.3TWh of electricity a year. Image courtesy of Parus-Corax.
French electric utility firm Engie reported a 1.7% year-on-year revenue growth to $68.8bn in 2018. The company’s power business accounted for more than 60% of its total revenue.

The company’s annual electricity sales exceed 7.3TWh. Its revenues, excluding gas sales, was estimated at $48.8bn, based on the average gas price in Europe during the year.

Engie is the biggest independent electricity producer in the world and generates more than 25GW of renewable energy a year, accounting for almost one-fifth of the global renewable energy generation. The company added 1.1GW of wind and solar capacity in 2018.

5. KEPCO – $53.5bn
ten biggest power companiesKorea Electric Power Corporation’s (KEPCO) power generation business accounted for 68.1% of the Korean power market in 2018. Image courtesy of Redpenblue.
Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) witnessed a 1.4% year-on-year revenue growth to $53.5bn in 2018. The company’s power sales volume increased to 530TWh, compared with 507TWh in 2017.

With a total generation capacity of 81.15GW, KEPCO’s power generation business accounted for 68.1% of the Korean power market in 2018, while its transmission and distribution business accounted for 100% market share in the Korean power market.

KEPCO’s power generation business is operated through six of its wholly owned subsidiaries namely KHNP, KOEN, KOMIPO, WP, KOSPO, and EWP. The other subsidiaries involved in plant maintenance and engineering service include KEPCO E&C and KEPCO KPS.

4. TEPCO – $55.36bn
ten biggest power companiesTokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) is Japan’s biggest power company. Image courtesy of Tokyo Electric Power Co.
Japan’s biggest power company Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) registered $55.36bn of revenue in the year ending December 2018. The company’s electricity sales volume during the period stood at 239.9TWh.

Headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, TEPCO focuses on power generation and distribution through 34 subsidiaries and 32 affiliates.

TEPCO has three core operating segments, which include Fuel and Power (fuel and thermal power generation), Power Grid (general power transmission and distribution), and Energy Partner (electricity retail).

3. EDF – $77.8bn
ten biggest power companiesEDF company operates 73 nuclear reactors globally. Image courtesy of Stefan Kühn.
French electric utility company EDF’s revenue increased by 6.3% year-on-year to reach $77.8bn in 2018. The company’s power generation, supply, and regulated activities in France accounted for 61%, while the UK and Italian markets accounted for 13% and 12% of its revenue respectively.

Its reactor business Framatome contributed 4.8%, while its renewable businesses Dalkia and EDF Renewables respectively contributed 6% and 2% of its revenue.

The company operates 73 nuclear reactors and serves more than 35 million customers worldwide using 1.3 million kilometres of low and medium-voltage networks and 100,000km of high and very-high-voltage transmission networks.

2. Enel – $85.28bn
ten biggest power companiesEnel distributed 485.4TWh of electricity on its network during 2018. Image courtesy of Enel Spa.
Italian multinational energy company Enel’s revenue was up by 1.3% to $85.28bn in 2018. The company generated a total of 250.3TWh of electricity, but distributed 485.4TWh of electricity on its network during the year. The company’s total electricity sales amounted to 295.4TWh.

Enel’s electricity sales outside Italy increased to 191.1TWh in 2018 compared to 181.6TWh in 2017. The company connected more than 3GW of renewable capacity to grids around the world in 2018.

1. State Grid Corporation of China – $347bn
ten biggest power companiesThe State Grid Corporation of China is the world’s biggest power company by revenue. Image courtesy of Ermell.
State-owned electric utility State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) recorded a revenue of $347bn in 2018 to emerge as the world’s biggest power company.

Established in 2002 and headquartered in Beijing, SGCC distributes electricity in 26 provinces, covering 88% of the national territory. It serves a population of more than 1.1 billion in China. The utility also owns and operates transmission assets in the Philippines, Australia, Portugal, Italy and Brazil.

With 987,000km of transmission lines and 4,350GW of converting capacity, SGCC’s annual electricity sales exceed 3,874TWh.

Read more: Switching to another energy supplier

Which energy suppliers are there?

In 2018, no fewer than 47 energy suppliers are active on the Dutch market. The majority supplies electricity and gas to private and business customers. 12 energy companies focus exclusively on the small and / or large business market.

There are energy companies that only supply electricity but do not generate electricity. These suppliers purchase electricity from energy producers at home and abroad. On the other hand, there are also a number of energy suppliers that are producers themselves and therefore own power stations and wind farms. These are generally the major energy companies operating in the Netherlands, such as Essent, Nuon, Eneco, E.ON and Engie (formerly GDF Suez). But also a number of smaller suppliers, such as Pure Energie and Qurrent, which generate sustainable energy themselves.

Liberalization of energy market
For the liberalization of the energy market in 2004, consumers did not have a choice of different power providers companies nz, because depending on the place of residence, the network operator and the energy supplier were determined. At that time, only 12 license holders were active for electricity. Since then, the number of energy suppliers has almost quadrupled.

The competition that has arisen after liberalization has had a positive influence on the electricity and gas prices. In addition, the energy companies are more motivated to develop new customer-oriented technologies and additional services, such as a smart meter.

Market leaders
Some of the companies that were already active in the Netherlands prior to liberalization are still among the largest energy suppliers in the Netherlands. Market leader is Essent, which together with its subsidiary EnergieDirect has more than 3 million customers in the Netherlands. Essent is part of the German energy group Innogy, which is again a subsidiary of the German RWE.

Eneco and Nuon are also among the largest energy companies in the Netherlands with 2.4 and 2.0 million customers respectively. This is followed by the Nuts Group, which includes BudgetEnergie and NLE. According to estimates, this concern has around 600,000 customers in the Netherlands. Finally, Greenchoice is now also one of the larger energy suppliers in the Netherlands. The brand is 70 percent owned by Energie Concurrent BV and 30 percent owned by Eneco.

The remainder of the Dutch energy market consists of smaller independent energy suppliers. Research from WiseNederland shows that the smaller suppliers occupy an increasing percentage of the market. In particular, companies that exclusively supply green energy are growing rapidly.

Green energy suppliers
31 of the 47 energy companies only supply sustainable electricity from water, wind, biomass and sun. It must be said, however, that these are largely smaller suppliers with a limited market share. Many electricity suppliers also purchase green electricity certificates (GVOs) from abroad.

According to WiseNederland, Pure Energie and Qurrent are the most sustainable energy suppliers in the Netherlands. The companies only produce and supply solar and wind energy generated in the Netherlands.

The suppliers below only supply green electricity (mainly wind energy), the majority of which is produced in the Netherlands. These energy suppliers are classified by WiseNederland as 'truly green energy suppliers', because they stimulate the generation and supply of sustainable energy in the Netherlands.

The larger energy company Eneco is also working hard when it comes to a sustainable power supply. The group invests heavily in wind energy and only supplies green energy to private and small business customers. Eneco is assessed with a 7.9 by WiseNederland.

Another positive development is that the supply of green electricity is becoming less frequent due to the use of foreign electricity certificates. An increasing number of companies are purchasing renewable wind or solar electricity from Dutch electricity producers.

Gray energy suppliers
There are still 16 energy suppliers that supply gray electricity to households, for example from oil, gas, coal and nuclear energy. This also includes the major energy companies: Essent and Nuon.

Only 3 energy providers only supply gray electricity. These are Robin Energie, Naked Energy, and the Russian Gazprom that only supplies to the large business market.

Here  an overview of the energy suppliers (private market) and how they are assessed on sustainability.

Suppliers
A number of suppliers in the Netherlands also only supply green energy, but use foreign energy sources for this. This electricity is (mainly) purchased abroad with the help of green certificates of origin (GOs), for example at hydroelectric power stations in Scandinavia. WiseNederland classifies these energy companies as 'sjoemelstroom' suppliers. There is no incentive to produce more sustainable energy in the Netherlands.

Electricity producers
A small part of energy companies are also electricity producers in addition to electricity. This includes, among others, the large energy companies (Essent, Eneco, Nuon and Engie), but also a number of smaller companies, such as GreenChoice, Pure Energie, Qurrent and HVC Energie. The other energy suppliers purchase electricity from trading houses and sell it on to consumers and entrepreneurs.

Electricity producers (international)
The following companies are internationally active as a power producer:

Essent (RWE)
Eneco
Nuon
Engie
Electricity producers (the Netherlands)
The following companies are active exclusively as electricity producers in the Netherlands:

Pure Energy
Qurrent
HVC
Greenchoice
The transition to sustainable energy takes a lot of time. Suppliers with many customers cannot easily switch to completely green electricity. Certainly not to green electricity that is only generated in the Netherlands. The capacity is too limited for that. Many (large) energy companies do invest in the use of sustainable energy sources, particularly in wind farms.

Switching to another energy supplier, is that useful?

The rising prices for electricity make it more worthwhile to compare different energy suppliers. Yet for many Belgians it turns out to be less expensive not to switch to another energy supplier and they often do better to stay where they are. How do you make the right choice?

Nearly a family in five took advantage of the option in 2017 to switch smoothly to another electricity supplier. In Flanders it was 19.8% of households, in Wallonia it was 19.1% and in Brussels it was 11.0%.

Individuals can change suppliers at any time. A cancellation period of 1 month is sufficient, regardless of whether they have a contract of a definite or an indefinite duration. It also doesn't matter that the contract is with a fixed or variable price. The supplier where they board may not charge a termination compensation for this.

Fixed annual fee as a brake to make the switch
A number of companies have nevertheless found something to curb the number of transfers. For example, they charge a fixed fee per delivery year in their contracts. This can be done pro rata according to the number of months delivered, but also immediately for a whole year. If you then switch quickly and pay for a whole year, you will lose that fixed fee.

Fixed-price contract is currently cheaper
The recent price increases also mean that switching now will yield less benefit. Between December 2016 and December 2017, the energy component in the total electricity price for household customers in Belgium had already risen by around 12%. The failure of the capacity of a number of nuclear power stations in Belgium has put even more pressure on the price. Anyone who has a fixed-price contract for a number of months or years can benefit from lower rates and therefore usually has little benefit from switching to a different company.

Group purchase
Anyone who intends to participate in a group purchase to get the most out of it can remain quite vigilant. A study by the specialist website energizer shows  that in a number of cases an individual contract is even cheaper. This makes it possible, for example, to choose separate suppliers for gas and electricity, while these are often bundled in a group purchase. In addition, a number of companies sometimes give new customers a welcome discount, which you will miss if you opt for a group purchase.

Compare yourself with the CREG scan
If you want to see how competitive your contract is, you can always do a CREG energy scan  on the website of the Commission for the Regulation of Electricity and Gas. There you will see which formula is currently most suitable for you.

This comparison is now especially useful for those who have not switched to a new supplier in all those years and therefore still have a 'historical' contract. This is often less favorable than the new agreements. Some 30 percent of families would have such a 'sleeping' contract.

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Compare energy suppliers in New Zealand: compare suppliers for electricity

Comparing energy suppliers can cost a lot of energy! Comparing suppliers yourself is time-consuming and can be tricky. That is why it is important for you to compare all providers with a party that knows the Belgian energy market well, a market that is constantly on the move. Therefore, compare the energy suppliers for gas and electricity on CallMePower. We compare every month all rates and different formulas of the energy suppliers in Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels, whether you are looking for a good electricity supplier or natural gas supplier? Calculate which energy supplier is the cheapest in our online price comparator that compares all available rates. Easily see which electricity and natural gas provider suits you best in a few clicks and start saving!

Compare energy suppliers
Do you want to use natural gas or electricity or both? Then you an energy contract should conclude with an energy supplier . Every energy supplier offers different contracts, with different prices and the conditions differ among themselves. Comparing energy suppliers is therefore important . Due to the extensive range, comparing energy suppliers , prices and conditions are time-consuming. We help you make the right and affordable choice . You can read more about how you can compare energy here.

Comparing energy suppliers is more than just listing prices . After all, you also want to make a comparison of providers on other aspects . You can only compare energy suppliers if you have a complete overview of the suppliers. Below we list the entire list with an overview of the energy suppliers for household customers and SMEs that offer electricity and natural gas in New Zealand.

Compare how green the energy suppliers are
In addition to the general information about suppliers in New Zealand, such as rates , all current prices, contact details and any additional services , you will also find a comparison of the green supply at energy suppliers . In the table below you can also compare how 'green' it performs according to Greenpeace for the generation (electricity production), the purchase or origin of electricity and the investment policy of the energy suppliers.

compare electricity rates with energy suppliers
Looking for a (new) electricity supplier ? If you would like to compare the energy suppliers for electricity, you can do that is our electricity price comparator . You are not obliged to use the same energy supplier for your electricity and natural gas. We make a complete comparison of all electricity suppliers in New Zealand, Brussels and Wallonia based on your personal consumption profile and zip code . In a few clicks you have compared the energy suppliers for electricity!

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Electricity rates, what are these?

In the search for electricity you will immediately notice the electricity rates, when choosing electricity you can choose from a fixed or variable rate at many electricity providers . If you opt for a fixed electricity tariff, you pay a fixed monthly amount for the entire contract term, you opt for certainty and do not fluctuate with current electricity prices. On the contrary with the choice for a variable electricity rate, these electricity rates can be increased or decreased a maximum of 2 times per year.

We recommend that you compare all power providers on the fixed energy rates , which are in all cases cheaper than a variable rate. However, there is a plus in variable energy contracts , they have no duration and you can cancel at any time with a 30-day cancellation period.

Day and night electricity rates

If you have a double consumption meter, it is often the case that you pay a different electricity tariff during the day than at night. If you have a single consumption meter, you always pay the same price per kWh of electricity. It happens in very few cases that a meter with two counting discs is cheaper than a meter with 1 counting disc. People are increasingly aware of this, and many energy suppliers therefore offer the option of switching from a double tariff to a single tariff.

Keep in mind that solar panels require a meter with two counting discs or the meter must not be locked with a return block. If you do not comply with this, you will not be able to supply electricity back to the electricity grid.

Green & gray electricity, the difference

Green & gray electricity, you will probably hear these two concepts once in a while. When choosing electricity you have to make a choice between these two types of current. If you choose green electricity, then you are assured that this electricity is generated sustainably. If you opt for gray electricity, this electricity is generated from fossil fuels that are anything but environmentally friendly.

Today, the Netherlands is in an energy transition and electricity suppliers are taking advantage of this, it is now possible for every supplier to purchase green energy. From now on it is even difficult to find a supplier that still supplies completely gray electricity.

More and more people have become aware of negative environmental effects, so every year we see an increase in the choice for sustainable, green energy.

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